After 1763, Britain was in debt because of the Seven Years War. Britain wanted to keep troops in the Thirteen Colonies, but decided that the Thirteen Colonies had to pay for this as it was expensive. Britain decided to raise taxes in the colonies. The first time that “London” was imposing taxes directly on settlers in the “Colonies”. Tensions already existed in the colonies - colonists were not happy with the limits on their movement west. The colonists felt that they should have the right to charge their own taxes – how could a government accross the ocean have any idea of what the Colonies need or want – what gave them the right to charge taxes. . Britain and the colonists had a different concept of the purpose of the colonies. . To the British, their American lands were there largely to provide raw materials to Britain and be consumers of British manufactured goods. The manufacturers from the colonies, especially in New England, made a lot of money on goods for export to the southern colonies – Britain didn’t like this, as they felt that the profits should basically go to Britain. Britain began to place restriction on manufactured goods and trade in the colonies. The colonists also didn’t appreciate the way that the Government in Britain always seemed to disrespect the legislative assemblies in the colonies. The colonial governments had no real say in what happened – the Government in Britain viewed them as being subordinate. Again, how could a government across the ocean truly represent the interests of the colonists – they couldn’t possibly understand the needs of the colonists – at least this is what the colonists thought. The colonies felt united in these issues. They began the policy – “No taxation without representation.” Some areas began demonstrations – Britain feared a rebellion. 1774 – The Canadien population in Quebec was greater than 70,000 people. British settlers were not moving to Quebec as much as the British Government had hoped – the Canadiens outnumbered the British in Quebec by a very large amount. Britain was very scared about a rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies. If the “British” settlers could rebel against british rule, could that spark a revolution among the Canadien people as well? Britain decided to give back some rights that the Royal Proclamation took away. They did this by passing the Quebec Act in 1774. Allowed Catholic people to practice their religion and further guaranteed their rights to do so. Allowed Canadiens to hold government positions even though they were Catholic – as long as they took an oath of loyalty to Britain. Reinstated French civil law – this is still the case today. Extended the boundaries of Quebec (beyond the Proclamation Line) to claim territory that would help the Fur Trade expand (The Fur Trade was central to Quebec’s economy – as we already saw). They didn’t consult with the First Nations Peoples before they did this.
What do you think the settlers from the Thirteen Colonies thought of this keeping in mind that they also wanted to expand their territories west but were not allowed to.
This truly established the roots of what Quebec is today.
In 1775, the protests in the Thirteen Colonies turned into a Rebellion.
George Washington, an American born, former British officer, raised an army “The Continental Army” to fight against British rule.
In 1776, the colonies united and declared themselves independent of Britain (The United States of America) as stated in the Declaration of Independence.
The American War of Independence (or the American Revolution) began (1776).
It lasted until 1783.
The war deeply divided communities within the Thirteen Colonies.
Some people strongly supported the rebellion (patriots).
Some people were loyal to Britain and the King and opposed the idea of rebellion (Loyalists, or United Empire Loyalists).
Movement of people from one place to another. This could be international or even next door.
Push Factor
o Something that makes you want to move from your current location – usually a negative aspect.
Pull Factor
o Something about a location that draws you to it. It could be anything such as a better job, or safety.
The American War of Independence pressured the settlers of the Thirteen Colonies to choose sides
Loyalists (United Empire Loyalists)
o Loyal to the British Crown
o Did not want Thirteen Colonies to separate
Patriots
o Supported the idea of uniting the colonies and gaining independence – separating from British rule.
Due to the change in beliefs and priorities in the Thirteen colonies and perhaps even a fear for their safety, many Loyalists decided to move to the British colonies of Nova Scotia and Quebec.
Most of the Loyalists were of British ancestry, but there were many other people who considered themselves loyal to Britain and also decided to move to Nova Scotia or Quebec.
o 3000 Black Loyalists
o 2000 Haudenosaunee
o 3000 German Mennonites
Before the Loyalists arrived, Quebec had very few British settlers.
By 1790, however, 10% of the population was British.
According to the Quebec Act of 1774, Quebec followed French Civil Law and was primarily Catholic. The British Loyalists did not like this – they began to ask for their right to follow British laws.
The Loyalists were after all loyal British subjects and loyal to the British Crown. Why should they have to follow French customs and laws in a technically British colony – they had a fair argument.
The Loyalists were mainly farmers – they wanted to establish farms, which required a lot of land.
Britain decided to shift their reasons for negotiating treaties with the First Nations Peoples.
o Treaties used to be negotiated for peace and friendship.
o Now they were negotiated for land rights
Between 1781 and 1792, Britain negotiated “land treaties” with the First Nations of the Niagara Peninsula – which was required by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – (First Nations peoples had rights to the land proclamed as “Indian Territory” according to the Proclamation).
The First Nations had to agree to give up their land before settlers could move on to their land – according to the Proclamation, though this didn’t always happen.
Most Loyalists moved to Nova Scotia, which had very little farmland.
Many settlers moved onto Mi’kmaq land.
Since Mi’kmaq land was in Nova Scotia, not “Indian Territory” the Proclamation did not apply to them – according to the British Government. This obviously created some conflicts between settlers and First Nations in Nova Scotia.
In a small group, decide on three challenges of coexistence that was created by the Loyalist Migration.
As a group, come up with a detailed explanation of the challenge. Choose a group member to write it down.
Then, decide on some possibilities for a solution to this challenge.
Your group will share their information with the rest of the class.
Nova Scotia:
Many Loyalists arriving in Nova Scotia joined British settlements that already existed – old Acadian settlements that British settlers had since taken over after the deportation starting in 1755.
Many other loyalists moved to “new” settlements along the St John river. These settlers felt they had different needs and priorities and considered themselves separate or unique from the other Nova Scotia settlers.
These “new” settlers petitioned the British Government for their own colony, separate from Nova Scotia.
Quebec:
In the late 1780’s, the new British settlers in Quebec petitioned the British Government to allow them to use British Laws and customs in place of the French laws and customs that were guaranteed to the French Peoples living in Quebec under the Quebec act of 1774.
The British found it ridiculous that they had to follow French law in a British colony.
Britain had a problem – they wanted to keep the French people happy, but they definitely wanted to do what was best for their British subjects.
Nova Scotia:
1784 - To satisfy the various settlers in Nova Scotia, Britain decided to separate the colony of Nova Scotia into smaller individual colonies.
It gave the St. John River colonists their own colony – New Brunswick
It also created the separate colonies of Cape Breton, and St. John Island.
Quebec:
1791 – Britain decided to reorganise Quebec in a way that was intended to satisfy both the British settlers as well as the French settlers – they passed a law called the Constitutional Act.
The Act:
o Divided Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada
o Established British civil and criminal law in Upper Canada – French civil law was maintained in Lower Canada as it was stated in the Quebec Act of 1774
o Set aside lands for Protestant Churches and further guaranteed the rights of the Catholic Church for the French
o Established officials and a legislative council appointed by Britain in each colony as well as an assembly that was elected by the colonists. This meant that Upper and Lower Canada had “representative government”.
o Representative government was promised to the Canadiens back in 1774 under the Quebec Act, but it Britain did not follow through until now – this was a very big deal for the Canadiens. They now could have an official say in government.
o The British were quite familiar with representative government – this is how it was done in the Thirteen Colonies – they considered it part of their heritage.
From Page 185 of the Textbook
o “In a representative government, citizens elect representatives to an assembly and the assembly speaks for citizens. It “represents” them.
o In 1791, the elected assemblies did not have the power or authority to make decisions – they simply advised the real decision makers – the governors and legislative councils.
o Today, elected government officials, such as our elected Members of Legislature and Members of Parliament are a part of the decision and Law making process. They are still elected as representatives of the “people”.
The World Turned Upside Down
America was divided in the war of independence
About half of the people were loyalists
All of the non-loyalists made fun of and torured the loyalists
Hannah was upset because of this
All of the loyalist properties were given to the non-loyalists
All the property was displayed out front of ‘The King’s Halls’
Most of the British soldiers were killed and driven away from their homes
Hannah’s father was arrested because he was a loyalist
There was more than 50,000 loyalists were leaving to Canada
Everyone had to live in tents
The loyalists had to make their own houses in the ‘new land’
Winter was harsh and came quickly
It took a while before they got a windowless and floorless house
After winter they made a farm and a school was ‘close’ by
After 1763, Britain was in debt because of the Seven Years War. Britain wanted to keep troops in the Thirteen Colonies, but decided that the Thirteen Colonies had to pay for this as it was expensive. Britain decided to raise taxes in the colonies. The first time that “London” was imposing taxes directly on settlers in the “Colonies”. Tensions already existed in the colonies - colonists were not happy with the limits on their movement west. The colonists felt that they should have the right to charge their own taxes – how could a government accross the ocean have any idea of what the Colonies need or want – what gave them the right to charge taxes. . Britain and the colonists had a different concept of the purpose of the colonies. . To the British, their American lands were there largely to provide raw materials to Britain and be consumers of British manufactured goods. The manufacturers from the colonies, especially in New England, made a lot of money on goods for export to the southern colonies – Britain didn’t like this, as they felt that the profits should basically go to Britain. Britain began to place restriction on manufactured goods and trade in the colonies. The colonists also didn’t appreciate the way that the Government in Britain always seemed to disrespect the legislative assemblies in the colonies. The colonial governments had no real say in what happened – the Government in Britain viewed them as being subordinate. Again, how could a government across the ocean truly represent the interests of the colonists – they couldn’t possibly understand the needs of the colonists – at least this is what the colonists thought. The colonies felt united in these issues. They began the policy – “No taxation without representation.” Some areas began demonstrations – Britain feared a rebellion. 1774 – The Canadien population in Quebec was greater than 70,000 people. British settlers were not moving to Quebec as much as the British Government had hoped – the Canadiens outnumbered the British in Quebec by a very large amount. Britain was very scared about a rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies. If the “British” settlers could rebel against british rule, could that spark a revolution among the Canadien people as well? Britain decided to give back some rights that the Royal Proclamation took away. They did this by passing the Quebec Act in 1774. Allowed Catholic people to practice their religion and further guaranteed their rights to do so. Allowed Canadiens to hold government positions even though they were Catholic – as long as they took an oath of loyalty to Britain. Reinstated French civil law – this is still the case today. Extended the boundaries of Quebec (beyond the Proclamation Line) to claim territory that would help the Fur Trade expand (The Fur Trade was central to Quebec’s economy – as we already saw). They didn’t consult with the First Nations Peoples before they did this.
What do you think the settlers from the Thirteen Colonies thought of this keeping in mind that they also wanted to expand their territories west but were not allowed to.
This truly established the roots of what Quebec is today.
In 1775, the protests in the Thirteen Colonies turned into a Rebellion.
George Washington, an American born, former British officer, raised an army “The Continental Army” to fight against British rule.
In 1776, the colonies united and declared themselves independent of Britain (The United States of America) as stated in the Declaration of Independence.
The American War of Independence (or the American Revolution) began (1776).
It lasted until 1783.
The war deeply divided communities within the Thirteen Colonies.
Some people strongly supported the rebellion (patriots).
Some people were loyal to Britain and the King and opposed the idea of rebellion (Loyalists, or United Empire Loyalists).
Movement of people from one place to another. This could be international or even next door.
Push Factor
o Something that makes you want to move from your current location – usually a negative aspect.
Pull Factor
o Something about a location that draws you to it. It could be anything such as a better job, or safety.
The American War of Independence pressured the settlers of the Thirteen Colonies to choose sides
Loyalists (United Empire Loyalists)
o Loyal to the British Crown
o Did not want Thirteen Colonies to separate
Patriots
o Supported the idea of uniting the colonies and gaining independence – separating from British rule.
Due to the change in beliefs and priorities in the Thirteen colonies and perhaps even a fear for their safety, many Loyalists decided to move to the British colonies of Nova Scotia and Quebec.
Most of the Loyalists were of British ancestry, but there were many other people who considered themselves loyal to Britain and also decided to move to Nova Scotia or Quebec.
o 3000 Black Loyalists
o 2000 Haudenosaunee
o 3000 German Mennonites
Before the Loyalists arrived, Quebec had very few British settlers.
By 1790, however, 10% of the population was British.
According to the Quebec Act of 1774, Quebec followed French Civil Law and was primarily Catholic. The British Loyalists did not like this – they began to ask for their right to follow British laws.
The Loyalists were after all loyal British subjects and loyal to the British Crown. Why should they have to follow French customs and laws in a technically British colony – they had a fair argument.
The Loyalists were mainly farmers – they wanted to establish farms, which required a lot of land.
Britain decided to shift their reasons for negotiating treaties with the First Nations Peoples.
o Treaties used to be negotiated for peace and friendship.
o Now they were negotiated for land rights
Between 1781 and 1792, Britain negotiated “land treaties” with the First Nations of the Niagara Peninsula – which was required by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 – (First Nations peoples had rights to the land proclamed as “Indian Territory” according to the Proclamation).
The First Nations had to agree to give up their land before settlers could move on to their land – according to the Proclamation, though this didn’t always happen.
Most Loyalists moved to Nova Scotia, which had very little farmland.
Many settlers moved onto Mi’kmaq land.
Since Mi’kmaq land was in Nova Scotia, not “Indian Territory” the Proclamation did not apply to them – according to the British Government. This obviously created some conflicts between settlers and First Nations in Nova Scotia.
In a small group, decide on three challenges of coexistence that was created by the Loyalist Migration.
As a group, come up with a detailed explanation of the challenge. Choose a group member to write it down.
Then, decide on some possibilities for a solution to this challenge.
Your group will share their information with the rest of the class.
Nova Scotia:
Many Loyalists arriving in Nova Scotia joined British settlements that already existed – old Acadian settlements that British settlers had since taken over after the deportation starting in 1755.
Many other loyalists moved to “new” settlements along the St John river. These settlers felt they had different needs and priorities and considered themselves separate or unique from the other Nova Scotia settlers.
These “new” settlers petitioned the British Government for their own colony, separate from Nova Scotia.
Quebec:
In the late 1780’s, the new British settlers in Quebec petitioned the British Government to allow them to use British Laws and customs in place of the French laws and customs that were guaranteed to the French Peoples living in Quebec under the Quebec act of 1774.
The British found it ridiculous that they had to follow French law in a British colony.
Britain had a problem – they wanted to keep the French people happy, but they definitely wanted to do what was best for their British subjects.
Nova Scotia:
1784 - To satisfy the various settlers in Nova Scotia, Britain decided to separate the colony of Nova Scotia into smaller individual colonies.
It gave the St. John River colonists their own colony – New Brunswick
It also created the separate colonies of Cape Breton, and St. John Island.
Quebec:
1791 – Britain decided to reorganise Quebec in a way that was intended to satisfy both the British settlers as well as the French settlers – they passed a law called the Constitutional Act.
The Act:
o Divided Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada
o Established British civil and criminal law in Upper Canada – French civil law was maintained in Lower Canada as it was stated in the Quebec Act of 1774
o Set aside lands for Protestant Churches and further guaranteed the rights of the Catholic Church for the French
o Established officials and a legislative council appointed by Britain in each colony as well as an assembly that was elected by the colonists. This meant that Upper and Lower Canada had “representative government”.
o Representative government was promised to the Canadiens back in 1774 under the Quebec Act, but it Britain did not follow through until now – this was a very big deal for the Canadiens. They now could have an official say in government.
o The British were quite familiar with representative government – this is how it was done in the Thirteen Colonies – they considered it part of their heritage.
From Page 185 of the Textbook
o “In a representative government, citizens elect representatives to an assembly and the assembly speaks for citizens. It “represents” them.
o In 1791, the elected assemblies did not have the power or authority to make decisions – they simply advised the real decision makers – the governors and legislative councils.
o Today, elected government officials, such as our elected Members of Legislature and Members of Parliament are a part of the decision and Law making process. They are still elected as representatives of the “people”.
The World Turned Upside Down
America was divided in the war of independence
About half of the people were loyalists
All of the non-loyalists made fun of and torured the loyalists
Hannah was upset because of this
All of the loyalist properties were given to the non-loyalists
All the property was displayed out front of ‘The King’s Halls’
Most of the British soldiers were killed and driven away from their homes
Hannah’s father was arrested because he was a loyalist
There was more than 50,000 loyalists were leaving to Canada
Everyone had to live in tents
The loyalists had to make their own houses in the ‘new land’
Winter was harsh and came quickly
It took a while before they got a windowless and floorless house
After winter they made a farm and a school was ‘close’ by